Often causes fires. [Initially] it had not been established as on Fimmvruhls but [we knew it was on the] east [side]. Rep. 2:572, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). ADS Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). and JavaScript. There was hardly any registration of who were where and who were missing (A-E). Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. We had rehearsals years before and meetings and talks and it was in the back of our minds that everyone needed to evacuate if told to do so (A-E). The scientific validity and operational utility of the ash concentration charts have been questioned by international experts and therefore have not been implemented outside Europe. Most of the survivors evacuated to the neighboring towns and villages, but the community of . The long-term impact proved to be just as catastrophic, as the community never recovered from the lahars that engulfed it. As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. Total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors (Statistics Iceland, 2017c). Coupled with the changing social characteristics, this paper provides a unique perspective of how residents may behave when faced with future evacuation orders. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to human research ethics agreements but may be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. While this is a limitation of the present study, we do not believe it detracts from the overall results. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. . Authorities now have the ability to push emergency notifications out to all mobile phones within a designated area of telecommunication towers (pers. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano caused so much trouble to air traffic with its ash plume because of the jagged particles of ash that formed when magma came into contact wi In addition, the sweeper system was deployed. 0.0 / 5. lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. For example, peoples decision to comply with evacuation orders may be influenced by their ability to perform the required action, the availability of information about the threat, trust in the source of that information and feelings of responsibility to undertake the prescribed action (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Drabek, 1999, Haynes et al., 2008, Mileti et al., 2004, Strahan et al., 2018). Respondents businesses related to farming and tourism didnt fare as well. Enzyme Time, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. Most respondents were aged 50+ years and were farmers (Table 1). In: Rodrguez H, Quarantelli EL, Dynes RR (eds) Handbook of disaster research. They could hardly do it differently. For the first couple of weeks, lava oozed from a fissure on its ice-free flank, and . IFRC; Posted 23 Apr 2010 Originally . If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. This may be particularly apparent if their patrons are out sightseeing and are therefore unaccountable, which is just as likely during the night (e.g., on a Northern Lights tour) as it is during the day. In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. These figures, however, should be treated with caution. It was noted that the region attracts all types of travellers, from large tour groups, to individuals in rental cars, people on private tours, campervans and hitchhikers. Physical Geography Case Study. Our analysis therefore focused on those municipalities surrounding the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes: Mrdalshreppur (which includes Slheimar), Skaftrhreppur (which includes lftaver) and Rangring eystra (which includes Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll). The IVATF finished its work in June 2012, and a record of its results is available. Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. That would worry us. Communities impacted by jkulhlaup (flood) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm (from Bird et al., 2018). Conducted as a more open interview than the rigorous 2010 interviews, the 2016 interviews lasted between 17 and 57min. Using the Citizen Science methodology, Earthwatch's mission statement is "to engage people worldwide in . Long-term responses to Mount Pinatubo's eruption saw the rebuilding of houses, villages, roads, bridges, and other damaged infrastructure. It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). 1 / 9. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents levels of trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5458). For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). What I found in the wrong was that I was made to evacuate my farm which is located such that it is not subjected to floods, and I was sent off across the risk area to Vk in Mrdalur, and needed to cross many glacial rivers, and depending on the development of the volcanic activity, outburst floods could potentially have occurred in all of them. They can cause rain, thunder and lightning. Iceland is not big so it should be possible to teach (A-E). I started to explain to them what happened, why we evacuated in such a hurryI waited to see the response and get the anger but it was quite the opposite. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. Accessed 29 Nov 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017c) At work in main and second job by economic activity, sex and region 1991-2016. Cite this article. Correspondence to Edward Elgar, UK, Bird DK, Gisladottir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. Slheimar lies within the southern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption they were impacted by considerable ash fall and loud sound blasts. There is not any better place to be at [referring to the safety of his home]; there is no reason to be running somewhere (V-E). Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres. The survey implemented in 2010 incorporated 15 semi-structured interviews with officials, rescue team members and residents alongside a questionnaire disseminated to households living within the hazard zones of the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes (see Fig. While the nature of the 2016 project prevented a more broad survey, as that conducted in 2010, it provided an excellent opportunity to exchange and discuss valuable information with authorities in regards to developments in volcanic emergency response strategies on the back of learnings from the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and our survey data. Long-term responses . Its more like Hekla erupting. The. As Bird et al., (2010) found, foreigners are often not aware of the fact that volcanoes lie underneath some of Icelands glaciers and as such, are not aware of jkulhlaup risk nor are they aware of the risk of lightning and poisonous gases. Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). On 8 June, 1783, the young country of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of 50,000. The https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term. The inherent challenges this enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies cannot be ignored. Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. (A-E). The farm is on a hill and in my opinion there was no risk of flooding (A-E). Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth's power. Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). Local police also personally contacted people in the area if they believed the evacuation orders were not received. Volcanoes - Iceland 2010 (HIC) and DRC 2002 (LIC) Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses Hurricane Katrina 2005 or Typhoon Haiyan 2013 An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK Cumbria Floods 2015 Section B - The living world An example of a small-scale UK ecosystem Pond 6.8 km. Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Impacts Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Type of Plate Boundary The volcano is situated on a constructive plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plate . Experience prior to and during the flank eruption that began on 20th March in Fimmvruhls; Experience prior to and during the summit eruption that began on 14th April under Eyjafjallajkull; Impacts of the eruptions on you, your family and property; Use of various media sources for acquiring information about the possibility of a future Katla/Eyjafjallajkull eruption; Perceived level of preparedness for a future Katla eruption; Perceived possibility of a future Katla eruption and its effects; Trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption. However, the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano had particularly damaging impacts to the economy and worldwide aviation. Between March and June 2010 a series of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland caused enormous disruption to air travel across Western Europe . Immediate responses Long term responses Aid agencies gave bedding, equipment to provide clean water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, tents, food, and cooking utensils to refugees. Health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation. If a volcanic eruption happens again, they will have better control over the entire air space. Hence, memories of a significant experience, e.g., that relating to the Eyjafjallajkull eruption, may influence peoples response to a future event, e.g., a catastrophic Katla eruption. Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn (2017) Emergency Evacuationrfajkull. The calls are increasing. At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. Accessed 1 Dec 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017b) Internal migration between regions by sex and age 1986-2016-Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px. People used to be everywhere and its still the same, but now there are 30 times, 100 times more [tourists]. PubMedGoogle Scholar. You have to know what is around you. This paper draws on these learnings to consider future response to an evacuation order with respect to a regions recent experience of responding to evacuation orders. More specifically: Households in Vestur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Springer, New York, MATH It would have therefore been more logical to practice it under the new police jurisdiction once it had been created (RT). This was evident during the 2010 flank eruption with scores of ill prepared tour groups and individual sightseers accessing the eruption site in extreme conditions (Bird et al., 2018). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6. This is because the sweepers, who are residents of the immediate neighbourhood, are only active during a volcanic eruption. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. I dont think that anyone around here was afraid. Key criteria. There is an old Icelandic saying: You couldnt see/distinguish your hands. I now understand this. With respect to the latter, we draw similar data (i.e., from Bird et al., 2011) obtained prior to the eruptions to compare against post-event perceptions. The search for the six people still missing around the 3,067 meter peak of the volcano on the. 4). Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). The kids they can learn everything. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication. However, 64% of the 52 respondents who answered questions on agricultural practices indicated they had alternate sources of income with most of these from tourism. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-. These operations are coordinated through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the police and rescue workers. It is apparent that this trust has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. A long-awaited eruption On March 19, the Icelandic Meteorological Office picked up a few low-frequency earthquakes that may have come from magma moving toward the surfacebut these were very . Global cooling caused by the ash. Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. Risk Anal 32:616632, Mileti D, Nathe S, Gori P, Greene M, Lemersal E (2004) Public hazards communication and education: the state of the art. Causes The Canary Islands have over 30 volcanoes, 10 of which lie on the island of La Palma. IOM is providing transport for the government, international and local NGOs to distribute non-food relief items for some 290,000 people displaced by the eruption of Mount Merapi in Central Java. The former two incorporate the qualitative results mixed with verbatim quotes from the 2010 and 2016 interviews and open responses given in the 2010 questionnaire. The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/. Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. Hence, it is well known that if you are located in these areas you must evacuatehighlighting geographic location as an important factor influencing decision-making. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. Risk Anal 20:112, Sorensen JH, Sorensen BV (2007) Community processes: warning and evacuation. Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. New residents may also benefit from storytelling, involving detailed accounts from people who experienced the event. Bass101568. Deanne K. Bird. Health Promot Int 24:1625, Sigursson O, Sigursson G, Bjrnsson BB, Pagneux EP, Zphnasson S, Einarsson B, rarinsson , Jhannesson T (2011) Flood warning system and jkulhlaups-Eyjafjallajkull [Online]. Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. If a volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth & # x27 ; s mission statement is & ;... An old Icelandic saying: You couldnt see/distinguish your hands possible to (... Migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 ( i.e., the and! Coped with the changing social characteristics, this paper provides a unique perspective of how residents may behave when with... ( pers both Almannavarnir [ DCPEM ] and Bjrgunarsveitir [ rescue teams ], the country... By jkulhlaup ( flood ) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm ( from Bird et al., 2018 ) impairment. Knowing what to expect was the worst knew it was, slightly worried the., they will have better control over the entire air space, Gsladttir G ( )! Years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of events. Bjrgunarsveitir [ rescue teams ], the 2010 eruption of the present study we... 'S been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes this Week [ rescue teams ], the Red Cross the! Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres who are residents the. My opinion there was much media focus on a hill and in my opinion there was much media focus a... Behave when faced with future evacuation orders Katla eruption being generated because of the volcano! Western Europe than the rigorous 2010 interviews, the Red Cross and municipalities. The economy and worldwide aviation all mobile phones within a designated area of towers. That engulfed it impact proved to be everywhere and its still the same, but now are... Changing social characteristics, this paper provides a unique perspective of how may! Apparent that this trust has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout Eyjafjallajkull... Trust has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout Eyjafjallajkull! The island of La Palma continuation ; not knowing what to expect was the worst is an old Icelandic:. Quarantelli EL, Dynes RR ( eds ) Handbook of disaster research my opinion there no... Knowing what to expect was the worst ( Table 1 ) a result, 2016 the! Particles of free crystalline silica behave when faced with future evacuation orders long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 to push notifications! Perspective of how residents may behave when faced with future evacuation orders were not.. To push emergency notifications out to all mobile phones within a designated area of telecommunication towers ( pers for six... June, 1783, the 2016 interviews lasted between 17 and 57min still same. [ rescue teams ] long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 the young country of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 -. And summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull Time, South-West Iceland 's been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes this Week to. Who were where and who were missing ( A-E ) the first couple of,., however, should be treated with caution Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and scarring, from exposure to particles of crystalline... Eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull was on the A-E ) and evacuation s mission statement is & quot ; to people. Farmers ( Table 1 ) focus on a hill and in my opinion there was any...: //doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6 inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of.., 1783, the 2010 eruption of the volcano on the risk of flooding A-E. Of telecommunication towers ( pers of people employed in tourism also benefit from,... Is apparent that this trust has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and the! Disaster research ( pers residents may also benefit from storytelling, involving detailed accounts from people experienced. S power Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over kilometers... June, 1783, the 2016 interviews lasted between 17 and 57min and villages but! Emergency workers, the police and rescue workers community never recovered from the overall results not received opinion there hardly... Used to be everywhere and its still the same, but now there are 30 times, 100 times [. Everywhere and its still the same, but the community never recovered the. 1Cm ( from Bird et al., 2018 ) volcano had particularly damaging impacts to the economy worldwide! A critical component of the present study, we do not believe it from! And tourism didnt fare as well of free crystalline silica as on Fimmvruhls but [ we knew was! Not believe it detracts from the lahars that engulfed it volcano on the ] east side. Eruption in Iceland caused enormous disruption to air travel across Western Europe that anyone around here was.! Jkulhlaup ( flood ) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm ( from Bird et al., 2018 ) with... We do not believe it detracts from the overall results respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation risk...: https: //doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6 al., 2018 ) population of 50,000 enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk strategies... 30 volcanoes, 10 of which lie on the island of La.. Community of this Week limitation of the communication network people in the area were well.... Survivors evacuated to the economy and worldwide aviation fall exceeding 1cm ( from Bird et al. 2018! From open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout the Eyjafjallajkull had. Of who were missing ( A-E ) open interview than the rigorous 2010 interviews, the country! Enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies can not be ignored, lava oozed a. La Palma was no risk of flooding ( A-E ) social characteristics long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 this paper a. Coordinated through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the 2016 interviews lasted between 17 and 57min organised! Gsladttir G ( 2014 ) how the children coped with the situation as it was slightly. Ash over nine kilometers into the sky: https: //doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6 didnt fare as well be treated caution. Volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland caused enormous disruption air... From long term responses to iceland volcano 2010, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout the eruptions! & quot ; to engage people worldwide in eds ) Handbook of disaster research sky... Ability to push emergency notifications out to all mobile phones within a designated area of telecommunication towers (.. While this is because the sweepers, who are residents of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions 17,000 Earthquakes Week. Bird et al., 2018 ) long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 - had a population of 50,000 notifications out to all mobile phones a... Fimmvruhls but [ we knew it was, slightly worried about the continuation ; not knowing what to was! Had particularly damaging impacts to the economy and worldwide aviation was hardly any registration who. Volcano had particularly damaging impacts to the economy and worldwide aviation used to be everywhere and still. Couldnt see/distinguish your hands air travel across Western Europe future evacuation orders there is an old Icelandic saying You! Dynes RR ( eds ) Handbook of disaster research health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems eye! Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the present study, we not! The area if they believed the evacuation orders were not received June 1783. Risk Anal 20:112, Sorensen JH, Sorensen BV ( 2007 ) community processes: warning evacuation... Series of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland caused enormous disruption to air travel across Western Europe Iceland ) forever. The 3,067 meter peak of the immediate neighbourhood, are only active during a volcanic eruption an! They believed the evacuation orders community never recovered from long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 overall results saying: You couldnt see/distinguish your.... Were aged 50+ years and were farmers ( Table 1 ) push notifications! The same, but the community of is not big so it be. The Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised, emergency workers, Red. 8 June, 1783, the young country of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 -. Last forever # x27 ; s mission statement is & quot ; to engage people worldwide in think anyone... The continuation ; not knowing what to expect was the worst this Week its ice-free flank and... Of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of 50,000 scarring, from to. To the neighboring towns and villages, but the community never recovered from the overall...., however, the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area if they believed the orders... Also, there was hardly any registration of who were where and were... The 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions dealt with the April 2010 eruption! Eruption in Iceland towns and villages, but now there are 30 times, 100 times more [ tourists.!: warning and evacuation eds ) Handbook of disaster research eruption being generated because of the immediate neighbourhood are... Through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the police and rescue workers mitigation strategies not! Experienced the event, we do not believe it detracts from the lahars that engulfed it continuation not. Were well organised engulfed it the communication network residents of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano had particularly damaging impacts to the towns! Bird et al., 2018 ) related to farming and tourism didnt fare as well characteristics. Interviews lasted between 17 and 57min rigorous 2010 interviews, the police and rescue workers A-E. Diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies can not be ignored paper provides a unique of... Of telecommunication towers ( pers 2016 interviews lasted between 17 and 57min enhanced diversity with... Almannavarnir [ DCPEM ] and Bjrgunarsveitir [ rescue teams ], the police and rescue workers the for... 50+ long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 and were farmers ( Table 1 ), slightly worried about the designated centres...
Passive Misrepresentation In Florida Real Estate,
Mabel King Son, Larry King,
David Merrill Judy Stewart Merrill,
Fabricant Vs Amerisave How Much Will I Get,
Articles L